1995 prices and PPPs and 1643 koe in the world and 21,786 US$ at 1995 prices and 4684 koe in OECD. The historical development of energy productivity of the EU and Turkey shown in Figure 5 summarizes this feature adequately. How might countries at different development levels have the same productivity values? Since productivity is calculated by taking the ratio between economic output and energy consumption, we should examine both parameters together. Mathematically it is obvious that this ratio can be increased by increasing the GDP with a faster rate than energy consumption in case where the numerator and denominator are both increasing. Therefore, the most significant factor that affects productivity is structural, i.e., the sectoral distribution of economies, because both value added and energy consumptions are varied in different sectors and subsectors. For instance, higher economic outputs can be obtained by consuming less energy in the services sectors such as the software. On the other hand, some energy-intensive subsectors such as the steel and paper industries are expected to consume more energy than others do in the industrial sector. Other factors such as the climate and culture are comparatively less important because they mostly affect the household energy consumptions. Among the sectors, the industry is certainly the most significant one because of its importance in the development stages of a country. Another factor, which is as important as the first one is the energymix. Some forms of energy are more efficient thermodynamically than the others because of the differences in calorific value and energy-exergy MAKALE / ARTICLE relationships. The employed technology is also important especially for the production of secondary energy such as electricity. üne last factor related to the energy mix is the cleanness of the energy sources. The modern renewable energy sources are known to be environmentally friendly while the fossil fuels are highly polluting. in the fossil fuels, natura! gas contains less harmful gasses and particles than for example coal. Final Remarks Economic activities in Turkey are traditionally examined separating three primary sectors: industry, services, and agriculture.(16 ) The services and industry sectors are major contributors to the national income with 58.2% and 28.4%, respectively while the share of agriculture has declined to about 13.4% in 2000.(1 7) On the other hand, the share of industry in total energy consumption is the highest reaching to 56.8% and it is followed by services (39.6%) and agriculture (3.6%). There is no question that the share of the industry sector in economic output should be increased since Turkey wants to be an industrialized country. The manufacturing subsector is especially important for development.<18 ) However, the industrial sector, which produces only 28.4% of economic output, is responsible for 56.8% of total energy consumption of the country, resulting much lower energy productivity than services and agriculture. This is certainly not a dilemma because we know from the previous sections that the productivity should continue to decrease until the minimum value is reached. ' • r!ıHowever, it should also be kept in mind that the energy ;ı>:t;f productivity discussed until now is the overall productivity calculated at the aggregate level and the above suggestion does not contradict to the improvement of various other :i1 productivity measures. üne of the most obvious examples to ı, this is the productivity of installed capacity in the Turkish electricity sector. (19ı Alper Aydın and Serdal Ergün from the National Productivity Center of Turkey calculated the productivity of installed capacity in the Turkish electricity sector by taking the ratio between the electricity generated in GWh to installed capacity in Mw.(ZO) Figure 6 shows that a remarkable increase is seen in total productivity from 3.55 GWh/MW in 1987 to 4.75 GWh/MW in 1998. As a result of the economic crises in 1999 it dropped down to 4.46 GWh/MW in 1999 and 4.58 GWh/MW in 2000. On the other hand, productivity of thermal power plants increased from 3.44 GWh/MW in 1987 to 5.85 GWh/MW and productivity of hydraulic power plants fluctuated from 2.72 GWh/MW (1989) to 4.66 GWh/MW (1988). From 1996 to 1998, the total productivity averages from 4.6 to 4.7 for OECD and from 4.5 to 4.7 for Turkey. 1 -ı; Finally yet importantly, the methodology of !his paper will be discussed. As it is well known, economic output is measured in two different ways: 1) GDP, which is the gross domestic product including only domestic production 2) GNP, which is the gross national product including the income coming from abroad. it is clear that the GDP should be ENERJi & KOJENERASYON DÜNYASI
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