78 ı ı�ı��f � �mmMrı�� w��l� MAKALE/ ARTICLE used for the energy productivity analysis since the energy consumed in other countries is not included in the energy budget of the analyzed country. For calculating the GDP values, prices fixed at a base year instead of real rates (at 1995 prices in our case) and purchasing power parity (PPP) instead of exchange rates are preferred. On the other hand, primary energy consumption excluding non-commercial energy is used instead of final energy consumption. Figure 7 clearly shows !hat considerable differences occur when productivity is calculated through different methods. For example, in Turkey, the GDP calculated at 1995 prices and PPPs is 126.6 billion US$ in 1971 and 390.6 billion US$ in 2001 whereas the GDP calculated at 1995 prices and exchange rates remain 61.7 billion US$ in 1971 and 190.3 billion US$. On the other hand, primary energy consumption is 19.5 million toe in 1971 and 72.4 million toe in 2001 but final energy consumption is only 16.2 million toe in 1971 and 51.8 million toe in 2001. Therefore, methods used to calculate energy productivity offer significant differences. For example, the energy productivity averages from 1971 to 2002 in Turkey calculated with FEC (Final Energy Consumption) and PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) is the highest and calculated with PEC (Primary Energy Consumption) and PPP, FEC and ER (Exchange Rates), and PEC and ER follow them. The averages from highest to lowest are 7208 US$ per koe, 5763 US$ per koe, 3512 US$ per koe, and 2808 US$ per koe. Additionally, while the PEC intensity increases, the FEC intensity decreases through time, indicating a better efficiency in the second one than in the fırst one. ENERJi & KOJENERASYON DÜNYASI Notes 1 The opinions and statements in this article are those of the author alone and do not, in any way, reflect the official policy or position of his government or employer. The..author would like to thank Miss Şirin Ediger, Markam Co. and Dr. Unal Çamdalı, Turkish Development Bank for editing the manuscript and for making valuable suggestions to improve the quality of the paper. 2 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Enerji Danışmanı, Çankaya, 06689 Ankara, Tel: 312470 2209, E-mail: ediger@tccb.gov.tr. Alsa teaches petroleum/coal geology and energy economics courses at the Middle East Technical U niversity. 3 For more details see, Patterson, M. G., 1996, What is energy efficiency?: Energy Pcılicy, 24(5), 377-390 and alsa yavuz, 1., 2Q03, Verimlilik ve Etkinlik Olçümüne Yeni Yaklaşımlar ve illere Göre imalat Sanayinde Etkinlik Karşılaştırmaları: Milli Prodüktivite Merkezi Yayınları, no. 667, Ankara, 155 p. ' Rogoff, K., 2004, A development nightmare: Foreign Policy, January/ February, 64-65. Toe: Tons-of-oil equivalent; koe: kilograms-of-oil equivalent. GDP: Gross domestic product, GNP: Gross national product. 7 See, Frondel, M. and C. M. Schmidt, 2002, The capital-energy controversy: An artifact of cost shares?: The Energy Journal 23(3), 5379; Kümmel, R., J. Henn, and D. Lindenberger, 2002, Capital, labor, energy and creativity: modeling innovation diffusion: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 13, 415-433; Pokrovski, V. N., 2003, Energy in the theory of production: Energy 28, 769-788; Ayres, R. U., L. W. Ayres, and B. Warr, 2003, Exergy, power and work in the US economy, 19001998: Energy 28, 219-273. • WEC, 2000, Energy for tomorrow's world-Acting now!: WEC Statement 2000: Atalink Projects Ltd. on behalf of World Energy Council, Landon, UK, 175 p; IEA, 2002, lnternational Energy Outlook 2002: lnternational Energy Agency, March 2002, 273 p. 9 See, Wilson, B., Trieu, L. H., and Bowen, B., 1994, Energy efficiency trends in Australia.: En@rgy Policy, 22(4), 287-295; Patterson, M. G., 1996, What is energy efficiency?: Energy Policy, 24(5), 377-390; Krawczyski, F. and Kumanowski, M., 1998, Problems and methodological proposals concerning international comparisons of national economy's energy intensity: Technicaı Paper presented at the 17th World Energy Congress held in Houston, Tx, USA in September 1998. 10 Among others, the most recent literature on this issue includes, Mielnik, O. and Goldemberg, J., 2000, Converging to a common pattern of energy use in developing and industrialized countries: Energy Policy 28, 503-508; Cleveland, C. J., Kaufmann, R. K., and Stern, D. 1., 2000, Aggregation and role of energy in the economy: Ecological Economics 32, 301-317; WEC, 2000; IEA, 2002; Sun, J. W., 2002. The decrease in the difference of energy intensities between OECD countries from 1971 to 1998. 11 Schurr, S. H., Netschert, B. C., Eliasberg, V. F., Lerner, J., and Landsberg, H. H., 1960, Energy in the American economy, 1850-1975: Published for the Resources for the Future, ine. by the Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 16-17, 164-190. 12 "The peak theory of energy intensity" is fırst proposed by Proops, J. L. R., 1984, Modeling the energy-output ratio: Energy Economics 6(1), 4751 . 1 3 Alsa see, Darmstadter, J., Teitelbaum, P. D., Perry, D., and Polach, J. G., 1971, Energy in the world economy: A statistical review of trends in output, irade, and consumption since 1925: Published for the Resources for the Future, ine. by the Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore and Landon, 876 p. 14 See, Darmstadter, J., 1972 a, Energy consumption: trends and patterns, p. 155-223. in: S. H. Schurr (Ed.), Energy, economic growth, and the environment: Published for the Resources for the Future, ine. by the Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and Landon, 232 p.; Darmstedter, J., 1972 b, Energy, p. 105-149, in: R. G. Ridker (Ed.), Commission on Population Growth and the American Future, v. 111, Population, Resources and Environment: Washington, D.C., US Government Printing Office; Humphrey, W. and Stanislaw, J., 1979, Economic growth and energy consumption in the UK, 1700-1975: Energy Policy 7(1 ), 29-42. 15 Martin, J.-M., 1988, L'intensite energetique de l'activite economique dans les pays industrialises: les evolutions de tres longue periode livrent-elles des enseignement utiles?: Economies et Societes, La Serie Economie de l'energie. Cahiers de l'ISMEA 4, 9-27. 1 6 SiS, 2001, Statistical Yearbook of Turkey 2001, State lnstitute of Statistics Printing Division, Ankara, 733 p. 17 However, services sector is like a "wastebasket", which includes dissimilar activities such as wholesale and retail irade, hotels and restaurants services, transportation and communication, financial institutions, ownership of dwelling, business and personal services, imputed bank service charge, government services, private non-profit institutions, and import duties. 18 Turkish industrial sector consists of 23.7% manufacturing, 3.2% electricity gas and water, and 1.4% mining and quarrying in 2000. 19 See, Korkmaz, A., 1994, Enerji (Gaz-Su-Elektrik) Kesiminde Verimlilik Göstergeleri (1 985-1991 ): Milli Prodüktivite Merkezi Yayınları, no. 533, Ankara, 181 p.; Aydın, A. and S. Ergün, 2002, Enerji Sektöründe (Elektrik, Gaz, Su) Verimlilik Göstergeleri: Milli Prodüktivite Merkezi Yayınları, no. 665, Ankara, 120 p. 20 in addition to Aydın and Ergün (2002, p. 48) alsa see, MPM, 2003, Verimlilik Raporu: MPM, Ankara, p. 136.
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