A major forum for scientists studying climate change is the lntergovernmental Panel on Climate change (1 HPCC). in its Third Assessment Report (2001) the IPCC reported that the global average surface temperature had increased by approximately 0.6%, with the most notable increase in the 1990s. it states that "there is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming over the past 50 years is attributable to human activities" -although the exact future temperature rise due to greenhouse gases is hard to pin down. On 9 May 1992, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was installed in New York. lts main objective was "to achieve stablisation of greenhouse gas air concentrations, at a level that will prevent harmful human caused damage to our climate" (UNFCCC 2002). The UNFCCC was put into effect on 21 March 1994 and at present more than 175 governments (including the EU) are Members of the Convention. Each year there is a Conference of the Parties (COP), where implementation of the Convention and effective prevention of climatic EUROPEN UNION EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME (EU ETS) The EU ETS covers the following industries: Power generation O Oil refining O Coke ovens O Metals manufacturing O Glass fibre production O Production of cement and lime O Production of building materials and ceramics O Production of paper, cardboard and pulp. Changes are discussed. So far, the most significant milestone has been the foundation of the Kyoto Protocol, at the third COP in Japan on 11 December 1997. ARTICLE / MAKALE in Kyoto, the participating countries were categorised into Annex ı and non-Annex l countries. Annex ı contains all industrialised countries and so-called "economies in transition" (former Soviet Union members as well as Central and Eastern European countries). They have the most strict reduction obligations and aim to reduce their emission average during the first "obligatory term" (2008-12) with a given percentage, compared with their emission level in 1990. The Kyoto Protocol provides three flexible international mechanisms to make observance of emissions goals possible in an efficient way: O joint implementation (JI) O clean development mechanism (CDM) O emission trade. JI offers Annex I countries the opportunity to start emissions reduction projects in other Annex ı countries and take the reduction on their own account. The CDM is similar, but concerns projects in non-Annex I countries. Emission trade is the transfer of emission rights among countries and individual companies within and between Annex ı countries. RATIONALE BEHIND TRADING it is generally believed that the costs of climate change are much higher than their mitigation costs. However, as long as greenhouse gas emission is a free "good" and their costs remain a burden to society as a whole, no emission reduction will take effect. We therefore need governments to develop policies, preferably co-ordinated, and make sure that individual behaviour leads to overall optimal economic outcomes. it is expected that between 12,000 and 15,000 installations will be subject to emission constraints in the EU as of 1 January 2005. ♦ ENERJi & KOJENERASYON DÜNYASI 1 "Kojenerasyon: Yüksek Verim, Temiz Çevre, Enerjide Yeniden Yapılanma" =====�----===;c__---=:..:=.:::.:...:....:.:::.::.::.:..::..:..::::..:::::.:.::..::::....ı-4 -5
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