a strong balance between supply and demand on a real time basis. DSM through its other tools like Demand/Load Response Programs and Real Time Prices/Time-of-Use rates has the capacity to create this balance more efficiently and timely rather than supply side management. in addition, environmental concerns like reducing greenhouse gas emissions, saving natural resources and protecting the environment is a matter of big concern these days as most of our electricity generation plants are the major sources of environmental pollution. DSM alsa has the capacity to meet our environmental protection goals. Benefits of DSM The various benefits of DSM to consumers, enterprises, utilities, and society are: O Reduction in customer energy bills. • • O Reduction in heavy investments in new power plants, transmission, and distribution network O Reduction of grid congestion O Stimulation of economic development. O Creation of long-term jobs due to new innovations and technologies O lncrease in the competitiveness of local enterprises. O Reduction in air poll ution O Preservation or our natural resources O Reduction in dependency on foreign energy sources. O Reduction in high prices of electricity leading to stable electricity market We can achieve these benefits by using various Techniques, Tools and Strategies of DSM as detailed below. DSM Techniques The most common DSM techniques can be classified as below: O Energy Conservation and Efficiency Programs to save energy O Demand/Load Response Programs to shift and reschedule energy consumption process Energy Conservation and Efficiency programs Energy conservation and efficiency measures are good alternative energy sources.There are various opportunities and techniques available for reducing energy consumption. A range of measures are needed to change our electricity usage patterns to reduce overall supply consumption. Other than conservation, there is a number of energy efficient devices for almost all categories of consumers such as efficient lighting, variable speed drives, and solar hat water systems which can reduce demand, help in lowering high peak prices and alsa reduce greenhouse gas emissions due to less stress on generating plants. in addition, we have now many renewable and alternate supply sources available in many sizes to meet our needs and help reduce the burden on the traditional system along with increasing reliability. Load Response Programs (LRP) Load Response Programs are an effective part of Demand Side Management. These are the actions undertaken in response to electricity supply position and wholesale market price of electricity. Or in another sense these refer to switching off or ARTICLE / MAKALE rescheduling of non-essential and non-critical loads by the end user in response to the request ofthe ISO, supplier or the util ity. This can lead to saving the system network from exceeding its peak rating. There is a large variety of energy consuming equipment and applications that can be switched on or off at a particular time to reduce electricity demand from the network. Tools for DSM Dynamic/Real Time Pricing The present deregulated market is based on a real time system of supply and demand. Prices change from rime to time and hour to hour depending upon these two factors. By exposing customers to Real Time/Dynamic i.e. time-varying prices, they can have a better view ofthe prevailing market and the information and incentive to reduce their demand at peak times and to shift their usage from high priced periods to low-priced periods. Time-of-Use Rates This is the tool or rate structure by which customers are offered different rates for electricity usage at different times of the day. Offering them lower rates for consumption at off-peak time can make them aware and motivate them to use some of the power at those low-priced times for equipment which has the flexibility ofoperation at different times. Automated/Smart Metering lmplementing Dynamic/ Real Time Pricing or Time-of-use rate structure and billing accordingly is nota complex program now. Automatic/Smart Metering successfully used by various utilities provides the best effective solution to this problem. This Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system has various other benefits which are customer oriented as well as utility oriented. Web-based/Communication System This is a tool used along with the above to inform the customer about prevailing demand, supply and prices on a real time basis and related incentives and options, which are used by the customer to manage the demand. in addition, there are other methods like E-mail, Celi Phone, Pagers and Fax which can be used as a communication tool to convey the required information and data to initiate appropriate action. Market driver based programs Depending upon supply and market position, there are two broad categories based on these market drivers: Reliability-based programs These programs operate in response to system contingencies. That is why these can also be called "contingency" programs. These are used whenever there is an emergency of power supply in case of acute shortage due to less generation or more demand or due to some other system constraints. These programs are also called Emergency Demand Response Programs (EDRP) Market/Price based programs These programs are based on market price signals of electricity. This category includes programs that use time-of-use (TOU) rates/Real Time Prices, lnterruptible Rates and Two-part Tariffs. These rates are intended to reduce consumer bills through the application of time-differentiated rates. The consumer participants ofthese programs that curtail their loads at critical ENERJi & KOJENERASYON DÜNYASI 51
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTcyMTY=