52 ARTICLE / MAKALE times of very high prices can also be paid some extra financial incentive to help maintain system reliability. These programs can include Day Ahead Demand Response Programs, where the end users respond to price signals and reduce loads when the price exceeds their set Base Price on a day to day or day-ahead time basis as per demand, supply and price forecasts. Types of Load Control Two main methods can be used to control the load at consumer premises depending upon the size of load and the infrastructure as: O Direct Load Control: Where load at the consumer's facility is controlled directly by ISO/Utility operator in consultation with them after careful planning and installing required infrastructure. This is particularly suitable for large supply consumers. O Load Control by Consumer: Where only information is sent to the consumer about the prevailing supply, demand and prices and quantity of load to be con trolled and he has to take the action with in the stipulated time Participants of DSM/Load Response Programs lmplementing these programs, needs strong government support through its various agencies like energy boards, regulatory commissions and departments of energy. Other than these, the following are the key potential participants who can promote, implement and monitor these programs: O lndependent System Operators (ISOs): controlling the electricity grid and large supply consumers O Utilities/Suppliers: supplying electricity to consumers for medium and small supply O Consumers/End users: being the users of electricity Each of these units has its own significant role to play. But optimum results can be obtained by coordination of ali of them. Government agencies can make various policies and regulations, provide incentives, subsidies and technical support for these programs and Utilities/suppliers can implement these more effectively through different cost-effective and customized programs in coordination with the end-users-i.e. the consumers. Factors affecting Load Response Programs lmplementing these technologies and techniques is not always so cheap, though there are many opportunities where we can apply these without any additional cost or investment. But to apply them at large scale for the whole market there are various factors to be considered such as: O Cost to the customer to shed and reschedule the load O Time it takes to activate the load response O The variation in wholesale price O Losses to occur in case of reliability problems due to acute shortage O Any losses in production by implementing these programs DSM program approaches Various approaches can be adopted to achieve benefits of Demand Side Management such as: O General information programs for customers about energy efficiency options O lnformation programs about specific DSM techniques appropriate for industry ENERJİ & KOJENERASYON DÜNYASI O Financing programs to assist customers to pay for DSM measures O Turnkey programs that provide complete services to design, finance, and install a package of efficiency measures at the consumer end O Alternative rate programs by the utilities like time-of-use rates and interruptible rates to shift loads to off-peak periods O Schemes and incentives to invest in energy conservation and efficiency programs O lncentives for innovations and technologies for Load Response/Load Management Programs. DSM program strategies The following strategies may be adopted to design and implement DSM programs: O ldentify the sectors and end-users as the potential targets O Visualize the needs of the targeted sectors O Develop the customized program O Conduct analysis for cost-effectiveness O Prepare marketing strategies for the program O Develop a Project Execution Plan for its implementation O lmplement program O Monitor program for its del iverables and for further modifications Successful DSM Studies There are many successful examples and model studies showing substantial benefits by adopting Demand Side Management tools and techniques. it has been studied in the U.S. that with universal application, peak energy demand could be lowered by at least 30,000 MW national ly, equivalent to perhaps as many as 250 peaking plants that would not need to be built. Society could avoid the burning of 680 billion cubic feet of gas per year and 31,000 tons of NOx emissions. A study in 2002 showed that New York's electricity market along with its grid operator and large electric utility companies has the potential to reduce demand for electricity by at least 1300MW through Demand Side Management techniques, which is enough to supply power to 1.3 million homes. Conclusion DSM has the potential to provide significant economic, system reliability and environmental benefits. From an economic point of view, it can reduce dependency on expensive imports, reduce high energy prices and help in avoiding heavy investments in new generation transmission and distribution networks. As per system reliability, it plays an important role in mitigating electrical system emergencies, avoiding blackouts, avoiding transmission grid congestion and so increasing system reliability. DSM can help protect our environment by saving our natura! resources, reducing the burden on our present generation plants leading to less greenhouse gas emissions and reducing the requirement of new generation. DSM techniques are the cheapest, fastest and cleanest way to solve our electricity problems. These can be immediately implemented and many times most of the results can be achieved at one-tenth the cost of building new power plants. This is what is needed at this moment in a new deregulated market structure along with other long term trategies to add new generation through various supply mix options.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTcyMTY=