58 ARAŞTIRMA/ RESEARCH in addition, CHP's heavy reliance on natural gas proved to be an important factor, with increasing attraction of market players to this affordable and plentiful alternative to coal and oil. in 1991, CHP plants in France had a total installed capacity of 45 MWe. This number jumped to 601 MWe by the end of 1995, before reaching 4403 MWe in 2000, an increase of about 3802 MWe in 5 years. However, from the beginning of 2001 to early 2004, only an additional 507MWe has been installed. 2003 was an especially disappointing year with only 71 MWe of new CHP. Grafik 2: Development of CHP installed capacity in France 1991-2003 445 050 000 000 • 3 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 j 221 1 5005 0000 0000 500 o ■, -■ --- -----rıı.aı■ .......... ...,,.,., ........ ......." ...,,<f> �"' " �"'., CNew capaclty ■Total lnstalled capaclty The new regulatory framework set up during the 1990s greatly helped develop CHP. The French Government imposed a buying obligation on EDF tor electricity from large CHP plants. in most cases, the projects developed under this framework were based on externalisation: an operating company owns and runs the CHP plant to provide heat to the final consumer and seli the electricity to the grid. The main operating companies in France are Dalkia (Veolia and EDF), Elyo (Lyonnaise-Suez), Cofathec (Gaz de France) and Cogetherm (EDF). 3600 MWe of cogeneration were installed between 1997 and 2000 under the contract '97-01' regime. in 2001 nevertheless, only 160 MWe of CHP were installed, due to the end of the '97-01' contracts which effectively meant the disappearance ofa contractual and legal framework. The new legal framework embedded in the February 2000 Law on electricity has been terribly slow to put into place, which explains the standstill in terms of CHP developments over the past four years. Table 1 gives a clear view of the developments in the CHP sector over the past 4 years. Overall efficiency of CHP plants in France was above the EU-15 average of 71 .5% in the year 2000, reaching 78.7%, owing to highly efficient steam backpressure turbines. CHP by sector Because of the electricity capacity conditions laid out by the 9701 contracts, CHP in France has typically been installed in industry. in early 2004, 59% of total CHP capacity was installed in industry, 34% tor district heating and a mere 7% in the seNice sector. CHP by fuel type Given the recent development of CHP in France, there are very few oil- or coal-fired CHP plants. According to Eurostat, natural gas represented a 43% share of the fuel used in cogeneration in France in 2000 while renewables (biomass from waste) Tablo 1: Oovolopmont of CHP bysoctor, 2000-oarly 20045 Yoır 2000 2001 2002 2003 20M servıce sectOf 169 185 195 201 202 Tot•l Oıstnct heatıng 300 325 330 345 350 numbor of 199 205 inıtıllatlona lndustry 212 219 223 Global 668 715 737 765 775 Cıpaclty Servıoe seeıor 37 9 4 39 1 lncronoı Oısuıct tıeatmg 464 89 10 523 9 por yoar lndu,try 259 61 256 15,1 a (MW,) Global 760 159 270 71 18.25 Total Servıce secıor 308 317 321 325 326 installod Oısuıct heatıng 1527 1616 1625 1678 1687 cap.aclty lrıdustry 2569 2630 2886 2901 2909 (MW,) Globol 4403 4562 4832 4903 4922 play an important role, contributing to about 28%. Le Club Cogeneration, on the other hand, estimates that the vast majority of CHP plants run on natural gas, with only a limited use of biomass from waste. CHP by prime mover Although combined cycle plants generated 30.6% of CHP electricity in the EU in 2000, French plants do not use this technology. lnstead, electrical capacity is mainly based on steam backpressure turbines (35%) and gas turbines with heat recovery (33%), while heat capacity is centred on steam back pressure turbines (67%). Prior to 2000, most new installations used gas turbines, since 2000, new CHP in France is largely dominated by gasfired engines. France's first combined cycle plant is due to begin operating in 2005 in Dunkerque and will have an installed capacity of over 580 MWe. CO2 emissions and distance to Kyoto targets To meet its commitment under the Kyoto Protocol and the Burden Sharing Agreement, France has agreed to stabilise its CO2 emissions at their 1990 level by the period 2008 2012. Tablo 2: Fronch GHG omlssions Contrlbutlon ınd Evolutlon of gHos Socıor contrlbutlon and ovolutlon Gas Contrlbution Slnco 1990 Soctor Contrlbutlon Sinco 1990 in 2001 in 2001 C02 59•� +1.6% Transport 26% +21% N20 16% ·15% Bulldıngs 19% •17% CH4 13% -8% ıı,dusıry 21% -14% HFC 1.7% N/A Energy 12% -17% SF6 0.4% N/A Agnculture 19% -6% PFC 0.3% N/A Wasıe 3% -4% Source Fıenclı Mınıstty of Ecology and Sustaınabl e Deveıopmenı To meet its commitment under the Kyoto Protocol and the Burden Sharing Agreement, France has agreed to stabilise its CO2 emissions at their 1990 level by the period 2008 2012. in January 2000, the French Government's lnter-Ministerial Greenhouse Effect Mission (MIES) unveiled an extensive, detailed plan tor the 2000-201 O period to curb carbon emissions. France was the first country to announce such measures to meet its commitments under Kyoto. The 96-point plan includes an initial carbon tax of %23 to %30 per metric tonne of carbon emitted, rising to about %75 by 201 O. The tax is applied to the General Tax on Polluting Activities (TGAP), an ecology tax that was introduced in 1999, which might be gradually extended to energy consumption by businesses and by electricity producers. 1 ENERJi & KOJENERASYON DÜNYASI ♦ "Kojenerasyon: Yüksek Verim, Temiz Çevre, Enerjide Yeniden Yapılanma"
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