ARTICLE / MAKALE 2.3.3. CHP by prime mover %58 ! ___ ■_Steam Turbine·············---···-··· ■_Gas Turbine 2.4. Environmental statistics Turkey's carbon emissions have risen in line with the country's energy consumption. Since 1980, Turkey's energy-related carbon emissions have jumped from 18 miliion metric tons annualiy (in 1980) to 55 miliion metric tons in 2000. We would like to take your attention on the facı !hat, !his is low in absolute terms, compared to other IEA countries, but the rate of increase is rapid. in 2000, the energy sector was responsible for 34% of total domestic CO2 emissions, compared to 32% by industry and 17% by the transportation sector. Agriculture and the housing sector are accounting for most of the remaining 17% share. Projections to 2020 indicate !hat the relative shares of each sector wili remain rather stable, although energy sector CO2 emissions are expected to surge to 41 % of total CO2 emissions in Turkey. According to Turkish Cogen Association in 2004, cogeneration units in Turkey helped shave USD 700 million 0ff the country's energy import bili, which is corresponding to 2.2 miliion TOE, while avoiding emissions of approximately 10 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. A 2004 study carried out by the Turkish Cogeneration Association showed !hat further CO2 emission reductions of up to 9.5 million tonnes a year are possible through investments in new high efficiency cogeneration (appr. 3000MW). 3. Cogeneration Potentials and Market Growth Forecast Low per capita electricity consumption, rapid urbanisation, strong economic growth (it was 9.9% in 2004) and high energy prices are the prime drivers of steadily increasing cogenerated power. Rapidly rising electricity demand (average 8% per annum) necessitates billions of euro worth of investments in the coming years. in early 2004, investments in the country's energy sector to 2020 were assumed to be in the range of USD 100 biliion range. 2004 estimates showed !hat after 2007, at least 3,000 MWe of new capacity would need to be added to the National Grid. it was felt !hat smali-scale cogeneration plants would not be able to meet such a big surge in demand. Large industrial CHP or combined cycle units seem to be the most likely option in Turkey, as !hey allow for higher efficiencies and lower production costs, an important attribute given the low generation costs of the public utility. The potential market for CHP could be substantially enlarged if the Turkish Parliament passes the draft cogeneration law similar to EU Cogeneration Directive, which is in the hands of the Minister for Energy. This would open up the housing sector, as well as the commercial (e.g. shopping malls), health and education sector to CHP. The textile, iron and steel industries, chemical plants, ceramic and glass industries and paper milis are target sectors for the implementation of cogeneration systems. Organised lndustrial Zones and Gustom Free Zones stand out as prime locations for cogeneration units. The Turkish Cogeneration Association targets additional cogeneration capacity of as much as 10,000 MWe by 2020, with the share of cogenerated electricity in Turkey reaching 30%. 4. Legal Framework Relavant for Cogeneration The regulatory framework for and the structure of the electricity sector are in the process of significant change, aimed at liberalisation and progressive withdrawal of the state from potentialiy competitive segments, specificaliy generation and distribution/retail. This vision is broadly in line with EU policies and is intended to harmonise the Turkish framework with the EU Electricity Directives. 4.1. Turkish energy policy The most important target for the Turkish government is to meet energy demand in a secure, timely, economic and environmentally manner. The main instruments to achieve this are: t Upgrading energy supply security; t Diversifying energy sources; t Optimising assessment and use in priority the indigenous energy sources; t Promoting energy efficiency; t Decreasing energy intensity; t Harmonise with the EU acquis; t Apply the preventive principle in environmental policy. 4.2. Electricity Market Law The Electricity Market Law (No. 4628) was enacted in March 2001. it was based on the EU Electricity Directive dated 1996, with the negligible deviations. The purpose of !his Law is to ensure the development of a financi_aliy sound and transparent electricity market operating in a competitive environment under provisions of civil law and the delivery of sufficient, good quality, l ow cost and environment-friendly electricity to consumers and to ensure the autonomous regulation and supervision of this market. _56_tE ::: N .:.: E ::. R.::.J:...: l &:..::K:.:OJ.::. EN:::ERA.:..::.: SY.::.ON .:.: D:::ÜN .:_::YA2S:::: I ============== ♦ -----===--=--==ım::,=========----� "Kojenerasyon: YüksekVerim, TemizÇevre, EnerjideYeniden Yapılanma"
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