achieved with high efficient combined cycle plants. On the other hand, and driven by the increasing fuel prices, trends can be seen aiming for reduction of thedependency on natura! gas. This in turn could result in an increased contribution of power plants operated with different solid or liquid carbon-containing fuels such as e.g. refinery residues or coal. Since significant reduction of CO 2 emissions cannot only be achieved via increased efficiencies or application of fuels with low carbon content, CO removal options also need to be considered for future power plant configurations. Considering this, gasification-based power solutions are one of the most promising solutions which are of relevance in this context. Present market drivers for the application of gasification-based IGCC (lntegrated Gasification Combined Cycle) or IRCC (lntegrated Reforming Combined Cycle) power plant solutions in the European market are refineries and applications where CO2 can e.g. be used for enhanced oil recovery and thus has a commercial value. These new IGCC/IRCC applications require on one hand syngas-proven solutions (e.g. for refinery applications) but also further overall plant concept and component development efforts. One essential step for performance improvement of future IGCC applications is to further develop capabilities of advanced gas turbines for" hydrogen containing fuels, thereby considering the experience and lessons learned from operational plants. Present Situation and Trendsin Power Generation Market lnvestment decisions in the energy and power generation market, respectively, are significantly influenced by factors as reliability of supply, environmental impacts and commercial profitability. How strong the influence of these aspects on the decision-making is also depends on general trends which are influencing the energy market. Examples are development of energy prices or growing acceptance of man-made environmental changes. Depending on the geographic region the major targets and the related conclusions for new investments are different with regard to fuels and technologies (Fig.1 ). But in general the necessity for more efficient use of primary energies in combination with more stringent environmental regulations for fossil-fuelled power plants will push concepts with increased efficiencies and reduced CO2 emissions. For natura! gas as fuel with low carbon content this can be achieved with high efficient combined cycle plants. On the other hand natura! gas-based plants are presently also under consideration in conjunction with CO2 capture and subsequent - use of CO 2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). lntegrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) technology without and with CO2 capture is one ofthe options which need to be considered for future applications based on different solid or liquid carbon-containing fuels such as refinery residues or coal. Promotion of clean coal MAKA�i technologies in the USA has resulted in high interest in IGCC as an alternative to steam power plant technology. in Europe the interest in IGCC is presently focussed on refinery-related applications. For power generation from coal in Europe there are no real incentives visible yet to opt for IGCC but future needs for CCS (Carbon Capture Sequestration) technologies could change the picture significantly. in Asian markets China is the dominating country with interest in gasification. The present focus of planned gasification capacity in China is not yet on IGCC but on chemicals productions and CTL (Coal-to-Liquids) applications. Asia: Eslalılshmentof Base Suppty Attoroable Eneıgy Prices ErMf'ClfYt"lel' Aspects Stil Wi1h Low f'ıi:ırty Tnınds 2000: Lberalzation of Eledricity �- Low Eneıgy Pı'<es Leas-Made Enwomıoııtai Ctıanges tkıder Cls<ıussion Reliability of Supply USA: &w,, So::uily 1lYo<,ıh Eregy-M>< Promo!ion d Oean Coal Tedvıologies W<h GCC e,ıj<,;ing tqıest prioıiy �-T -I. ot R enewable : Eneıges rendııl006� Algn-.ın!Pıooessto f{gı Eneıgy Ptices Ne( Less Coolicis in wad Pok:y -� gp;q,,,.Ç...y:wa.jty EEmUi:ssiorıs Tradııg (ETS) Prorno1XYı of Rerıeo.•ı"able Enefgies Wel-8alaooed Eneıgy-Mx Geman Nuctear Phas1ng Out eo..lıasııd lGCCrdyet eros dereci as a o::rnmerdal optia'ı Commercial Profitabiliy Enviromental lmpact Fig.J. /vlajor ısrgets in eneıgy sııpply by geograplıic Existing IGCC Plants Present Market Activities_ The development and demonstration efforts related with lntegrated Gasification Combined Cycle technology were originally focussed on improved concepts for coal-based plants and thus on an alternative to conventional steam plants. The experience with the demonstration plants in Europe and in the United States, respectively, and the parallel development efforts for impr�ved steam power plants resulted in a situation where coal-based IGCC is on the one hand today to be considered as a commercially available technology which on the other hand stili needs further improvement of economics to be fully competitive. Next generation plants of larger size, where the lessons learned from the operational plants are implemented and co-firing of low-cost fuels, wastes or biomass is foreseen for reduction of fuel costs and/or to produce green electricity, could pave the way for a commercial breakthrough. The situation is different for refinery residues where, depending on the individual site conditions, IGCC can already today be considered as a commercially attractive solution tor power generation, cogeneration or co�production of power and hydrogen for refinery-internal purposes. The introduction of IGCC for refinery applications was supported by the experience with the technology available from coal-based plants. Biomass-based applications are, mainly as a result of logistics, only small-scale IGCC's which stili suffer from poor economics. An alternative for improvement is to use the ENERJi DÜNYASI EYLÜL 2006 73
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