30 and in four contact groups from Monday through Thursday night. Discussions were based on the draft SPM (WG-1: 1 O th /Doc.2a) with a number of changes introduced to reflect comments by governments and organizations (WG 1: 10th /INF. I ). Four contact groups were convened during the meeting to discuss unresolved issues: one on greenhouse gas concentrations and land use change, co-chaired by Jean-Pascale van Ypersele (Belgium) and Xiaosu Dai (China); one on solar radiative forcing co-chaired by EI-Sayed Mansour (Egypt) and SylvieJoussaume (France); one on tropical cyclones co-chaired by Nirivololona Raholijao (Madagascar) and lan Carruthers (Australia); and one on projections on temperature increases and sea level rise, co-chaired by Halldor Thorgeirsson (UNFCCC Secretariat) and Arthur Rolle (Bahamas). in addition, participants heard short informal presentations from the Coordinating Lead Authors on the fıgures and text in the different sections ofthe SPM. On Monday afternoon, participants heard presentations on the drivers of climate change and on uncertainty. On Tuesday morning, participants heard presentations on the observations of climate change, on a drafttable on temperature and weather extremes, and on paleoclimate. On Tuesday afternoon participants heard presentations on attribution and sea level rise. On Wednesday morning participants heard presentations on equilibrium climate sensibility and projections for temperature increases. Discussions and key outcomes ofthe 1 ENERJi DÜNYASI ŞUBAT 2007 SPM are summarized below, based on the order the different sections appear in the approved text, as participants proceeded through a line-by-line consideration of the SPM. The full adopted text ofthe SPM can be downloaded from the IPCC website at http://www.ipcc.ch. lntroduction: The introduction section in the SPM was discussed on Monday morningand earlyafternoon. Discussion focused on the scope and extent of the introduction, and howto best express the relationship of the AR4 to the TAR, the level of progress, and the levels of confıdence and uncertainty. Participants agreed to language proposed by the UK, supported by Canada and Norway, to clarify that the Report concerns scientifıc progress since the TAR. Citing the example ofsea ice, Co-Chair Solomon suggested, and participants agreed, to textual changes to clarify that improvements in models were a result of increased understanding of processes and their simulation in models. Other suggestions did not fınd universal approval to be included in the text, however. The suggestions that were not ultimately incorporated included South Africa's suggestion for changes in the wording to indicate that new climate data derives from broader coverage; Argentina's proposal to note the lack of data from certain regions; and China's call for referencing outstanding uncertainties. Drivers of Climate Change: This section, which deals with the underlying causes of climate change, was addressed in plenary on Monday afternoon, as well as on Tuesday and Thursday. Co-Chair Solomon introduced the section by noting that, in contrast to the TAR, drivers of climate change are addressed prior to observations of climate change within the document. Solomon said this is meant to convey the improved information on the drivers since the TAR. On astatement on improvements in the quantitative estimates of radiative forcing, China noted insuffıcient understanding of the indirect effects of aerosols. Participants agreed to refer to "some aspects" ofaerosols. Germany proposed, and participants decided, to reference improved understanding of land surface properties. in a footnote defıning radiative forcing, participants agreed to Norway's suggestion to clarify the existence of both positive and negative forcing. On text regarding atmospheric concentrations ofgreenhousegases for the last 1 0,000 years, the UK, supported by Germany, noted that the draft fıgure on atmospheric concentrations only depicts carbon dioxide levels over the last 10,000 years, and suggested that the accompanying text reflect the fact that the present carbon dioxide concentration exceeds byfarthe natura! range over the last 650,000 years. The relevant textwas changed to reflect this suggestion and to note that past atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were determined from ice core data. The UK queried the choice of two overlapping averaging periods to demonstratethegrowth ofatmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, suggesting that comparing growth rates from 1960-1970 or 1960-1995 ♦ "EnerjideSürdürülebilirlikve Küreselleşme: Verimlilik, Emisyonlar, Yeni Piyasa Oluşumlan"
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTcyMTY=