and the Turkish Standards lnstitute. Only 30% ofdomestic waste is being stored under control. Systems of controlled storage, composting, incineration and recycling are not common. Energy Policies and Measures in Turkey The main objective ofTurkey's energy policy is to ensure suffıcient and reliable energy supplies at competitive prices, taking into account environmental concerns in order to support economic and social development as in the other developed countries with a special focus on maintaining sustainable development in the country. in achieving these objectives, the fundamental strategy is to encourage the participation of private/foreign investors and regional business partnerships. lmplemented - Adopted - Planned Measures Energy Sector Turkey has been attempting to minimise energy-related greenhouse gas emissions through measures aimed at: improving energy effıciency and encouraging conservation measures; increasing the share of renewable energy sources in its energy supply; allowing for fuel switching from high carbon to low carbon fuels; and implementing measures to encourage emission reductions. For securing a reliable energy supply and diversifying energy resources, optimum use of domestic resources ' ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES / Actuel Turkey attaches great importance to more efficient and rational functioning of the energy sector for promoting the competitiveness of the national economy and full compliance with the EU Directives. in this regard, important progress has been achieved in restructuring and liberalizing the electricity and gas markets. (coal and hydro) and expanded use of alternative and renewable energy sources have been given due priority. Turkey attaches great importance to more effıcient and rational functioning of the energy sector for promoting the competitiveness ofthe national economy and full compliance with the EU Directives. in this regard, important progress has been achieved in restructuring and liberalizing the electricity and gas markets. The efforts of liberalizing the Turkish energy sector have gained pace in 200 1 with the enactment ofthe Electricity and Natural Gas Market Laws. (Law No: 4628 & Law No: 4646). The Petroleum Market Law (Law No: 5015) was enacted in 2003, so as to support the efforts of restructuring and liberalization of the Turkish energy sector. A major institutional change has occurred with the establishment of the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) in 2001 , with administrative and fınancial autonomy, as envisaged in the Electricity Market Law. Law on Utilization of Renewable Energy Resources for the Purpose of Generating has been put into force. The nuclear option has been considered within the future alternative energy resources. According to the WOM scenario, the total installed capacity of nuclear power plants is expected to be 45005000 MW the enci ofthe 2020. lmprovements in the Conventional Power System in lignite power plants, due to the high sulphur content of domestic lignite, SO2 emissions exceed the limit specifıed in Turkish legislation and so the construction of Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) plants is required. Within this framework, the retrofıt FGD plants have been constructed in the existing power plants (Cayirhan 1-11, Kemerkoy, Orhaneli, Yatagan, Yenikoy). However, it could not be possible to retrofıt all ofthe old thermal power stations in a short period, due to considerably high investment cost of FGD plants. On the other hand, for the new lignite power plants planned after the promulgation of related Regulation ( 1 986), the installation of FGD plants has been considered during the planning phase and contracted together with the power plant (Afsin-Elbistan B, Cayirhan 111-IV, Kangal 111). "Enerjide SürdUrOlebilirlik ve Küreselleşme: Verimlilik, Emisyonlar, Yeni PiyasaOluşumlan" ENERJi 00NYASI ŞUBAT 2007 1 59
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