!Ot� ARTICLE / MAKALE Cogeııeratwn, Waste reun.ıpy; 1{t/Ufi.(!Jlbks & @w-site (if.111!ratiom Area lnstalled 1999 Country Flat plate Vacuum tube Austria 138.500 2500 Belaium 1300 200 Denmark 13.900 100 Finland 7000 o France 5000 1000 l G !E e U rm \ anv 366.000 54.000 Greece 160.000 o lreland N/A N/A ııaıv 19.000 3000 Netherlands 29.000 1000 Norwav 2500 o Portuaal 4300 200 Spain 31.500 1500 Sweden 8700 300 Switzenand 25.000 900 UK 3000 6000 Total 814.700 70.700 Europe) oPfercenıage 92% 8% i nEsutraol pl aet i\o n s China 1.700.000 3.300.000 USA 38.460 o Accumulated- 1975-1999 Market development Total Flat plate Vacuum Forecats tube Total 2000 141.000 1.452.000 24.000 1.476.000 170.000 1500 18.000 1500 19.500 2000 14.000 281.500 500 282.000 15.000 7000 12.000 o 12.000 7000 6000 291.000 5000 296.000 7000 420.000 2.070.000 220.000 2.290.000 615.000 160.000 2.644.000 2000 2.645.000 170.000 N/A N/A N/A 1200 N/A 22.000 232.000 12.000 244.000 27.000 30.000 142.000 4000 146.000 32.000 2500 5000 o 5000 3000 4500 218.000 1500 219.500 6000 33.000 310.000 3000 313.000 40.000 9000 156.000 1000 157.000 15.000 25.900 219.000 22.000 241.000 28.000 9000 141 .000 10.000 885.400 8.488.200 1.147.000 30% 5.00 3 0 8. .0 4 0 6 0 0 3.300.000 6.600.000 10.000.000 Prognosis '05 32200..000000 2500..000000 3.0 2 0 45 0 0 0 . . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 N/A 21 5500..000000 3 4 5 12 0 0. . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10500..000000 50.000 5.062.000 181% alimreitnaotiwo widely used, but these, too, have their ns, not the least of which are the rapidly inavcareilaabsiilnitgy coofswtooofdfofsuseill.fuel and the decreasing The primary use of solar systems under development is preheating the air in mechanical drying systems. Air and water based ssyusittaebmilistyadreepaelsnodsbeoing researched and their n the total system requirements. Tinhdeekseigynsyasntdemcodesign requirements are simplicity nstruction, low maintenance, and eTahseemoaf rokpeetr a t i o n . tAh ep rai mg rai cr yu l tmu raerk- beat sfeord sdoel avrecl orpoipn gd rcyoi nug s y s t e m s i s i n ntries, where the price and availability of fuel is critical and !here a is an excellent solar resource. Coffee, tea, spices nd rice are among the numerous examples of crops currently under investigation. Table 1. Overvıew of the ınstalled area {m2) far thermal collectors. Source: Astig (2001), Zegers (2000) Potentia/ net energy producers. For existing buildings, the solar As discussed above, the recently identified potential contribution will be less, but the potential is the total building for solar crop drying is between 600-900 PJ. The major stock. in northern Europe, many buildings from the 1950s and challenge facing !his technology is how to gel it to a widely 1960s need to be renovated, and this presents an excellent dispersed market. opportunity to include solar technologies. The IEA SHC work, Economics 'Solar Energy i n Building Renovation', produced an overview of The economics of solar crop drying are highly dependent on the available technologies. crop and location. Factors such as the location and the design For commercial buildings, cooling and electrical lighting often of the existing system, the specific crop requirements, and the lake precedence over heating. The cooling ofa building can be liming of lhe harvest relative to the solar availability, make a undertaken with passive cooling. This includes ıechnologies feasibility analysis necessary for most installations. Decisions to ranging from shading devices to switchable glazings. The install solar systems are also greatly affected by market prices potential reduction of energy use for lighting using proper for the various crops. daylight controls is 50%. When building designs include Market acceleration strategies daylighting, further reductions can be realized. The IEA SHC Programme has a Task underway to build and Economics monilor pilot projects covering a number of crops in several The economics of solar buildings are difficult to calculate. One countries and climate regions. The purpose is to gel solar reason is !hat, if ali the measures are considered to be add-ons, systems into the field, where growers, processors and other !hen the economics are unfavourable. However, if the industry players can gel first-hand experience and understand technologies are laken into account from the beginning of the lhe value of !he systems. Results from these projects will be design, the additional costs can be minimized. it is also widely disseminated through various industry channels. interesting to note that homeowners are willing to pay more for Market acceleration a solar building, if the building not only gives an energy An analysis from lhe market in Europe shows !hat the yearly reduction, but also provides additional comfort and is installed collector area varies very much between countries. architecturally pleasing. A 5-10% higher price for a solar Austria, Greece, Germany and Switzerland lead the market, building seems acceptable for many homebuyers. while countries with similar climates show very low figures. lf Market acceleration strategies ltaly, Spain, France and the UK were to show similar growth The market for solar buildings hinges upon using an integrated rates lo these countries, lhe European targets for renewable design approach throughout. Even the phase of planning that energy could easily be reached. Market acceleration can thus comes before the buildi ng design is important because, for be realized if successful market stimulation measures are laken example, the orientation of the streets affects the potential use on by these other countries. of solar energy. For further market penetration it will be However, market acceleration is not only the responsibility of essential that homebuilders and projeci developers focus on lhe government; industry must also play an active role. The solar buildings as a premium product for their customers. industry is stili dominated by small companies that only serve Solar crop drying small loca! markets, which has been a useful approach for the The techno/ogy small market of early i nnovators. Now, however, the market is Solar crop dryi ng is not a new concept. it may, in fact, represent growing, and industries should adap! to new ways of marketing one of the oldest direct uses of solar energy. Many crops have lheir products to a larger group of buyers. The installers are typically been placed out in the sun to dry, though these also important in !his process, because the quality of the end practices have such limitations as production capacity, spoilage product depends very much on the quality of the installers' work. and insect infestation. Therefore, mechanical drying methods Unfortunately, lhe installers in most countries are not yet ECOGENERATION WORLO a 5 7
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